习语:
1. like用于比较similar elements,仅用于名词见的对比
2. expectation--是指未来的和尚未实现的,因此从句应该加助动词will/would.
3. do not+nothing表肯定
4. such as / such+名词+as—用来表示举例;常见的错误有: such…like, (like不能用于举例)
5. sb be convinced that…
6. 1) the same to x as to y, x与y要对称 --某物对于某人和对于另一个人是一样的。
如the same to someone as to a person
sth +V+the same as sth –表明某物和某物是一样的。
2) just as x do sth, so y do / x do sth, just as y do sth
just as x do, so too+倒装结构/正常语序的句子,译为“正如…, 同样地…”
3)x is to y what is to b
4)as much because x as because y
7. between … and ..;
1) the rivalry between x and y / the rivals x and y
2)distinguish / distinction between x and y
8. either or; ethier from…or from; from either…or
9. not only x…but also y, x与y要对称
10. if x happended, then y would happen / if x happens, y will happen
once x had happened, then y happened / y will happen unless x happens first
11. not… but
1) not by… but by
2) not just because of x, but because of y / not just by the fact that, but also by the fact that
3) not x, but rather y / x rather than y
15. distinguish between x and y / distinctions between x and y
16.consider表示think of or believe after careful consideration时,consider sth sth,
不需要consider sth as sth。
17.比较可以用:instead of / rather than / unlike—但是and not不用于比较
although可以用于比较,但是with不能用于比较
词的用法:
date用法 |
express estimation of age—date at |
seem用法 |
seem to do / seem like+名词 |
Claim用法 |
claim that+从句 / claim to do sth |
target用法 |
arget at+目的物 / target to+方向 |
order用法 |
order x to do y / order x to be y / order that x be y |
estimate用法 |
estimate to be + a certain age; estimate at +location / 价格等数量词 |
require用法 |
require+n / require that / require x to do y / require+副词 require that be / V原形 / require sb to do sth require错误用法:Require of |
attribute用法 |
attribute x ( an effect) to y (a cause); x (the effect) is attributed to y (the cause) 常见的错误有: x is attributed as the cause of y is |
表格形式:
正确表达 |
常见错误类型 |
More+ than / adj-er+ than |
More as / adj-er than / adj-er over |
Depend on + whether |
Depend on if |
Ability to do sth / ability of sb to do sth |
Ability for doing sth / ability for sb for doing sth |
Argue +for |
Argue in |
Advocate直接加宾语 |
Advocate+介词 |
In order to |
In order that |
Except (in) / except (for) |
excepting |
Expand on |
Expand for |
Reduce +名词 |
Reduce +介词 |
Restriction+ on |
Restriction+ for |
Invest in |
Invest for / into |
As a means to |
As a means of |
Allow to |
Allow for |
With the aim of |
With the aim to |
Amount to+n |
Amount to + adj |
More than ever( before) |
More than never |
Persuade x to do y |
Persuade that / persuade x in doing sth |
Apprenticeship as |
Apprenticeship of being |
Enough to |
Enough that |
Conceive of x as y |
Conceive of sth to be |
Simultaneously with 与..同时 Credit x with y |
|
in contrast with x, y; in comparision with x, y in contrast to x, y; unlike x, y |
As contrast with x ,y |
So adj that y; such + n+that x happened so that y could happen |
Such… so that, so x as to y, enough that |
Range from x to y Shift from x to y prohibit x from doing y / y own restitution to x for y rate( means a price charged)+ for Substitute x for y mistake x for y Think of x as y View x as y Use x as y |
同义反复;
In the past |
Previously |
|
Be able to |
Enable to |
|
Now |
Currently |
|
Although |
yet |
连词的同义反复--even though和but |
regain |
again |
|
Amount |
Sum |
|
grow |
increase |
|
Soar |
rise |
词的有效性/简洁性
1. 介词since和because在表现因果逻辑关系时:since<because
2. due to & because of / because的区别: due to & because of有时并不能很准确的表达因果关系,尤其是后面跟着复杂的动作,事件关系时;due to & because of+概念,because +主谓关系; on account of < because +动作 / due to the fact that < because
3. begin > the beginning of / convince > convinction / rank as > has the rank of
indicate >indication / debilitating>debilitation / for such help > for help
declension < decline / refer > reference
4. not accompanied > unccompanied
5. attempt > trying—ing 做名词使用时 < 其名词本身
6. can > has the capability / ability to do
7. 在可能性上,will > would > could
8. to marry > to be married to
9. double sth 不够准确,可能表示twice as many as or as many as
10. twice > two times
11. while可能表示同时性,也可能表示对比,因此在表示对比时,whereas > while
12. sb’s career > the career of sb
13. be expected to > it is the expectation that / it is expected that / expectations are for
14. once > at one time
15. as x as or x-er than< at least as x as
16. 当x与y是不定式时,rather than> instead of
因为instead of是介词短语,只能跟名词短语、动名词或者代词短语。
17. 表将来时:will be> be to
18. 引导短语时,after(介词)> following(分词);
当after作为连词时,since>after,因为since强调动作的连续性
wordy和错误的表达
1. there is…; for there being / it may be that ; it is none that
2. as it is of / as being / down to / from… down to / from… up to
3. none the less than / no less as
正式用语
1. perhaps比maybe更正式,更适合用于书面语中。Perhaps>maybe
2. in that作为连词时,表示inasmuch as(由于,因为),但是使用时in that会被认为过于夸张以及太过正式;for作为连词接句子时,for=because, for > in that
3. try and经常用于口语中,不适合用于书面语 /and aslo错误
单复数
1. diabetes—单数形式,n. 糖尿病
2. phenonmena是phenomenon的复数形式
3. citrus是单数名词,柑橘类植物
词的区别
1. as—1) 连词,接句子;2)介词时,接名词,表作为
注:as不能用于两个名词间的对比
2. Ving & Ved区别: 看修饰对象的关系,被动—Ved , 主动—Ving
Ving & V 区别: 看句子的重心在哪,重要的动作使用V, 次要的动作用Ving
To v & Ving区别: to表目的,而Ving表结果。
3. econmic—经济的,经济学的 / econmical—节俭的
4. aggravate—make worse / aggravating—annoying
5. act like—to behave or comport onself and describe the action of a person
act as—describe the function of a thing
6. delay—抽象的;delays—具体的,一次次的延误
7. lay—及物动词直接加宾语;lie—不及物动词,lie in 在于
8. aid用法:1)名词时,aid in doing sth / sth 2)动词时,aid sb to do sth
9. should—经常表示一种义务的含义
10. number—a specific quantity of individuals(具体的数字,量)
numbers—a large crowd or multitude(大量的,许多的)
11. independently of—独立于…之外/ 不受…支配/ 不依赖他人或他物
independently from—
12. be known as—为…所知
be known to—以…著称;通称为…
13. each other—两者之间的相互关系
one another—两者以上的人或者事物之间的联系
句型
1.强调句—It +be动词+强调部分+who / whom / that+其他部分(it不做句子中的任何成分)
2.虚拟语气—recommend that+动词原形,should应省略
3.doubt用于否定句时,经常跟that一起,如there is no doubr / sb can not doubt that,
常见的错误:did not doubt whether…
4. the way to do sth is to do sth; 常见的错误有 the way to do sth is for sth
规则
1. that不能取代it进行代词指代
2. 没有生命的东西不能指代有生命的东西,
如the body(死的)can not be a man—the body is that of a man(正确);
the term can not be a person of somone
3. in which= when,可以互换
4. each 还是 all要根据句子中的词的单复数决定。
5. adj+n表示名词本身具有adj的属性。
6. 一个连词带两个句子;当有两个独立的句子时,必须要有一个连词来连接。
常见的错误:句子,句子
7. who指代人,that不能用于指代人
8. baby当性别不清楚时,可以用it进行指代
9. 名词复数+ to do sth+ V复数形式,如efforts to… have / letters to… were
10. so much as只用于否定句中,如not so much A as B,与其说A不如说B;
not so much as 连…都不肯,甚至不,甚至没有
11. since接时间,用现在完成时
12. it or this不能指代动词,so可以指代动词
13. 所有格只用于有生命的物体中,festival’s是错误的表达方式
双重所有格是错误的,如 of sb’s 是错误的,正确的写法:sb’s or of sb
可数与不可数
1.many—修饰可数名词,如people / dioxins / apples
much—修饰不可数名词,如effort / rain
2.few—修饰可数名词,less—修饰不可数名词
如:limitations是可数名词,用fewer修饰,不能用less修饰可数名词
3.numberous—修饰可数名词, great—修饰不可数名词
如:density是不可数名词,不能用numerous修饰,应该用greater修饰。
4.equal修饰不可数名词,如equal justice,但是不能修饰可数名词people
equivalent 含义太广,不止限于修饰数字
总结:
1)修饰可数名词:many / few / number / numerous
2)修饰不可数名词:much / less / great / equal / amount /little
倍数增减的表达
1. 倍数(数量词)+形容词/形容词比较级+than (A is … times as adj as …)
例:Force N1 is four times greater than force N2
2. 倍数+as+形容词原级+as(或把倍数放在最后一个as之后)(A is… times adjer than…)
例:My books are five times as many as yours
3. 倍数+名词 ( A is … times+n)
例:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon
4. 动词+百分数或倍数
例:The personal income last year rose 1.1%
5. 动词+to+数词
例:Last month the profit of that company rose to $2million
6. 动词+by+数词或百分比或倍数
例:Spending on this project will be reduced by 10%
7. double/triple/quadruple+名词(注:这三个词均为动词)
例:they plan to double their production
with 用法
with + 名词(代词)+介词短语/形容词/副词/名词/现在分词/过去分词/不定式
as的固定词组
1.such as 表示举例,而不用like,译为例如,之后可跟名词、动名词但不可跟句子
2.as……go就……一般情况来说,与一般的情况来比较而言
3.so……as to 如此…以致于
4. even as=just as 正如,正巧…的时候
5. as long as=if 只要,在…的时候
6.in as much as=because
7.not so much…as与其说……不如说
without的用法
Without之后+一般名词。表示一种条件;without之后+现在分词,表示伴随状况。请注意以下几点:
1. without +n.表示一种条件;without+现在分词,表伴随状况或结果,强调一种同时性
2.without+any+名词的表达是不简洁的,应去掉any
3. without之前不加任何连接副词,如thereby without doing,错
4.without与现在分词之间无需加上表示动作执行者的物主代词,如without their being grounded,错,应去掉their
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