A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

A.      which includes the establishment of size limits for shark catches, closing

B.       which includes establishing limits to the size of sharks that can be caught, closing

C.      which include the establishment of size limits for shark catches, the closing of

D.      including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing

E.       including the establishing of limits to the size of sharks that are caught, the closing of

答案是选d, 我的疑惑是including 按照很多语法书上的规则，只能修饰前面整个句子或主语study.而从逻辑角度分析修饰的应该是remedies.　这样会不会造成修饰歧义？

答案c中的which, 因为后面谓语动词include是复数，所以排除了就近修饰population的可能性，跳跃修饰remedies，从这个角度讲应该优于d.

可是两个选项后面也不同，c是两个并列的名词词组，而d是v-ing，从并列的角度出发，d和后面的requriring并列，所以优于c.

这样就出现了优先的问题，是不是可以判断对平行结构的要求大于修饰歧义？　

这个题貌似以前没人讨论过，是不是我想太多，which不能跳跃修饰？　

which 当然可以跳跃修饰，但是如果选项中的平行并列出了问题，那这个选项必然是错的。GMAT语法的一个大

考点就是平行并列，如果选项的平行并列依然是错的，那么没有理由再选它。

而including是include的ing形式，有时可以当作介词来用，如此题。