Chlamydia Chlamydia is the most common and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the UK. It stems from a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. Chlamydia考试大(www．Examda。com) Chlamydia is the most common and fastest spreading sexually transmitted disease in the UK. It stems from a bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis. Women diagnosed with Chlamydia can also infect their newborn infant during delivery. Symptoms usually appear approximately 7 to 21 days after infection and differ for men, women and children. Symptoms in men:考试大论坛 inflammation of the urethra (the bladder duct within the penis) stinging feeling when passing water clear discharge from penis and possible itchiness around the opening pain or tenderness in the testicles. Symptoms in women: stinging feeling when passing water unusual vaginal discharge pain caused by pelvic inflammation (pelvic inflammatory disease) pain during intercourse in some cases, bleeding between periods. Symptoms in infants: inflammation of the eye (conjunctivitis) at birth problems breathing premature birth考试大论坛 in rarer instances, pneumonia. Gonorrhoea 淋病 Gonorrhoea is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacteria that grows and multiplies quickly in moist, warm areas of the body such as the cervix, urethra, mouth, or rectum. In women, the cervix is the most common site of infection. However, the disease can also spread to the uterus (womb) and fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease leading to infertility. Gonorrhoea is most commonly spread during genital contact, but can also be passed from the genitals of one partner to the throat of the other during oral sex. Gonorrhoea of the rectum can occur in people who practice anal intercourse. In pregnant women, gonorrhoea can be passed from an infected woman to her newborn infant during delivery if left untreated. The early symptoms of gonorrhoea are often mild, and many women who are infected have no visible symptoms of the disease. If symptoms of gonorrhoea develop, they usually appear within 2 to 10 days after sexual contact with an infected partner, although a small percentage of patients may be infected for several months without showing symptoms. Symptoms in women include: painful, burning sensation when urinating yellowish or bloody discharge from the vagina bleeding between periods abdominal pain. Men are more likely to show symptoms than women. Some of the symptoms in men include: burning sensation during urination yellowish-white discharge from the penis. Other symptoms affecting the rectal area include itching, discharge and sometimes painful bowel movements. A diagnosis is made through detection of bacteria in samples taken from the urethra, cervix, throat or rectum. The condition is treated with antibiotics, and treatment should also be given to the patient's partner. As with Chlamydia, further testing is recommended once treatment has ended to check whether the infection has cleared. For more information, read the factsheet on gonorrhoea. Herpes genitalis (genital herpes) 生殖器疱疹 Gential herpes is a highly contagious viral condition caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). It principally infects the skin and mucous membranes of the genitals and rectum, but can also appear in areas such as the mouth. It is transmitted primarily through physical and sexual contact. During birth, the presence of herpes simplex virus on the genitalia or in the birth canal is a threat to the infant. Infection in the newborn infant can lead to herpetic meningitis, herpetic viremia (herpes virus particles present in the blood) and chronic skin infection. The symptoms of herpes simplex virus usually occur a week after infection, but sometimes take longer to appear. Initially, the skin becomes reddened and multiple small blisters filled with a clear, straw-coloured fluid appear. Prior to the presence of blisters, the infected individual may also experience increased skin sensitivity, tingling, burning or pain at the site where blisters will appear. Later, the blisters burst leaving shallow, painful ulcers which eventually scab and heal over a period of 7 to 14 days. The outbreak may be accompanied by other symptoms such as: swelling and tenderness of the lymph nodes in the groin area. in women, vaginal discharge and painful urination. in men, a possibility of painful urination if the lesion is near the opening of the urethra. fever.来源：考试大 In most cases, a description of the condition and the appearance of the blisters will be enough to make a diagnosis. The GP may also advise referral to a specialist genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic for confirmation of the diagnosis. There is no cure for the herpes simplex virus; once infected, patients will remain a carrier for the rest of their lives. Some remedies, however, can reduce the duration of the eruption. In addition, by being more aware of the initial symptoms of recurrence (skin sensitivity and tingling), timely treatment with medication such as aciclovir (Zovirax tablets/suspension) will often abort the outbreak of blisters. The best way to avoid transmission is to avoid direct contact with an open lesion. People with herpes simplex virus should avoid sexual contact when active lesions are present. Although the symptoms of genital herpes may not be present, it is important for those infected to inform their partner that they have the disease. This will encourage both parties to use barrier protection (condoms) to prevent the spread of the illness. Using condoms and not sharing towels are good ways of reducing the chance of infection in the first place. For more information, read the factsheet on Herpes genitalis. HIV and AIDS来源：考试大 AIDS is a potentially lethal sexually transmitted disease and is caused by the HIV virus. HIV invades and destroys the immune system, which protects the body from infection. This means that a person who carries the HIV virus is prone to many different illnesses and may die from diseases that are harmless to healthy people. AIDS is still most widespread south of the Sahara in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean islands, and is more common among homosexual and bisexual men. However, in more developed countries the disease is becoming more frequent among heterosexuals, especially young people. In the UK, new cases of HIV are now more prevalent among heterosexuals. Intravenous drug users and people with many different partners are particularly at risk from HIV. The virus is found in bodily fluids such as blood, sperm and vaginal secretions, and can pass through little scratches that may occur during sexual intercourse. Although they vary considerably, the symptoms include: fever diarrhoea sweating at night loss of weight swollen glands general discomfort.作者: 天心 时间: 2008-12-3 13:19
The diagnosis is made when the HIV antibody is found in the blood. The test is not usually positive until 6 to 12 weeks after infection. There is no cure for HIV and AIDS, but the earlier the diagnosis is made, the easier it is for the doctors to help. Today, efficient treatments exist that increase quality of life and prolong life itself. Anyone who is infected with HIV should only have safe sex using barrier protection and inform all previous partners about their infection. For more information, read the factsheet on AIDS and HIV. Genital warts 外阴部瘤 Warts, or condylomata acuminata, are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Up to nine months can pass from the time of infection to the actual development of warts. In women, human papilloma virus can lead to changes in the cervix and to the development of cervical cancer. Therefore, it is important that this condition is diagnosed and treated. The symptoms are raised, rough, wart-like growths that may occur singly or in clusters. In men, they are usually found around the head of the penis and tend to be drier. In women, they appear most often around the vaginal opening and may spread to the rectal area. It is also possible for the virus to appear on or near the cervix as whitish, flat-like lesions, usually only detectable through close visual examination of the cervix (colposcopy). In both men and women, lesions may also be present in the mouth and throat. In general, symptoms can intensify if the immune system is weakened, or during pregnancy or if the person has diabetes. The warts are very contagious so safe sex is advisable. A diagnosis is made when a characteristic lesion is visible. By swabbing the skin with 5 per cent acetic acid, 'invisible' warts will emerge as white-coloured patches. A GP can treat the warts by freezing and swabbing, but if this does not help the patient may be referred to a genitourinary specialist who can offer more specialised treatment. However, it is important to note that treatment does not always offer a complete cure. For more information, read the page on genital warts. Syphilis 梅毒 Syphilis is a dangerous and life-threatening bacterial disease. After infection, the bacteria is transported through the body via the bloodstream and adversely affects vital organs such as the heart, brain, nervous system and spine. The symptoms are divided into three stages. Up to 12 weeks after the time of infection: one or more red lesions will develop on the penis, labia (lips of the vagina), anus and sometimes on the mouth and lips. These lesions disappear after a week. Up to six months after the time of infection: a red rash appears on the chest, back, arms, legs, hands and soles of the feet high fever sore throat muscular fatigue general feeling of discomfort. Anyone experiencing these symptoms should contact their doctor immediately. If the illness is not treated by the second stage, it will disappear for a while. However, the disease can lie dormant in the body and return up to 20 years later. At this more advanced stage the symptoms will be: heart failure paralysis insanity possible death. The diagnosis is made through the detection of the micro-organism or the detection of antibodies in the blood. In its early stages, syphilis can easily be treated with antibiotics. For more information, read the factsheet on syphilis. How to avoid sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) Avoid high-risk behaviours and practise safe sex. Though not necessarily practical or desirable, abstinence is the only way to completely prevent STDs. Avoid sex with many different partners. Always use condoms.考试大(www．Examda。com) 第二段翻译： 古罗马的上层阶级很多都铅中毒。 a.用铅做化妆品导致一定的皮肤病； b.人们喝的水是从一个有铅的地方取的，水质被严重污染； c.喝的酒里面的糖浆… 写作听力： a.只有在食用，吸进铅的时候才可能有铅中毒的情况发生； b.因为水里溶解得有矿物质，水自身形成了一种防护coat,所以不会太多污染； c.喝酒里面兑了好多水的，而且女教授直接抨击文章point3, 说文章根本没有给例子和事实。 根据这个提示，要求每个小组写出汉语和英文命题阅读文章 参考： Ancient Rome literature and poems seemed to be rich in the political murder cases in which lead poisoninh or painter’s colic is described with details and vividness. White lead was listed as poisons with antidotes about A.D.30.The documents demonstrate that lead poisoning in the ancient Roma was common. Moreover, many high-level Romans suffered gout, which is the result of lead or leaded eating and drinking vessels. These people also used makeup rich in lead. In addition, the wine in the Rome period was not lead free. Lead and sugar were used in wine to sweeten it. 在古罗马时期的文学作品和诗歌中都提到罗马政治斗争中使用金属铅来谋杀敌人。这些文字说明了铅中毒在古罗马非常普遍。罗马鼎盛时期很多上层人士有痛风病，这些原因是他们使用的化妆品含有金属铅。而且，古代罗马上层社会吃饭和喝水使用的器具都含有铅。即使在他们喝的酒中也掺入了不少铅。凯撒大帝的工程师曾经告诉凯撒说用泥土制成的水管要比铅水管更有好处，者足以证明在古代罗马喝的水中含有铅。 Lead poisoning (also known as saturnism, plumbism, or painter's colic) is a medical condition caused by increased levels of the metal lead in the blood. Lead may cause irreversible neurological damage as well as renal disease, cardiovascular effects, and reproductive toxicity. Lead toxicity was first recognized as early as 200 B.C. Nicander of Colophon wrote of lead-induced anemia and colic 绞痛in 250 B.C.[2] Gout, 痛风 prevalent in affluent Rome, is thought to be the result of lead, or leaded eating and drinking vessels. Lead was used in makeup. Sugar of lead (lead(II) acetate) was used to sweeten wine, and the gout that resulted from this was known as saturnine gout.[3] Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writing ca. A.D. 30, listed white lead on a list of poisons with antidotes 解毒剂(beside cantharides, hemlock, hyoscyamus, poisoned mushrooms, and a swallowed leech), and claimed it could be remedied by mallow or walnut juice rubbed up in wine.[4] [5][6] Despite his awareness of lead's toxicity, citing many contemporary authorities, Celsus recommended its use in a wide range of ointments applied to wounds to stop bleeding and reduce infection or inflammation.[7] Julius Caesar's engineer, Vitruvius, who also served his successor Caesar Augustus, reported, "Water is much more wholesome from earthenware pipes than from lead pipes. For it seems to be made injurious by lead, because white lead, a pigment base produced by soaking lead in vinegar until a soft paste, is produced from it; and this is said to be harmful to the human body."[8] It should be noted that the prevalence of lead poisoning, at least that caused by drinking water containing lead, in ancient Rome is far less than what is traditionally believed. The hardness of Rome's water caused heavy deposits of calcium carbonate to form on pipes and in turn prevented the lead of the pipes from coming into contact with the water, thus reducing the chance of getting lead poisoning from drinking water.[9] The calcium deposits takes some time to collect. Older homes have the potential for less lead exposure where new homes with fresh pipes, connections and construction residue have a good potential for lead poisoning of occupants.[citation needed] In 17th-century Germany, an Ulm physician noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy, while wine drinkers developed colic. The culprit 罪犯was sugar of lead, made by simmering处于酝酿中的litharge 一氧化铅with vinegar.[10] In 18th-century Boston, lead poisoning was fairly frequent on account of the widespread drinking of rum in that city, which was distilled in stills with one component (the "worm") made of lead.[11] Devon colic was an affliction caused by lead poisoning which was suffered by the cider drinking people of Devon during the 17th and 18th centuries. Chinese alchemists found that lead could be rendered harmless by soaking it in blood and firing it (citation needed). When this process was repeated several times it provided a protective coat that lead could not pass. The only notable use of this measure was by martial artists so they could use the heavy metal as weights for training. Today, most exposure in developed countries is the result of occupational hazards, leaded paint, and leaded gasoline (which continues to be phased out in most countries). Lead poisoning interferes with the normal development of the brain. The term "lead poisoning" is sometimes used as a euphemism for gunshot wounds, as almost all bullets are mainly composed of lead. Despite this, bullets lodged in the body rarely cause significant levels of lead poisoning.[12] Bullets lodged in the joints are the exception, as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time.[13]
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