Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or also with outsiders.

(A) selfishness, and voluntary cooperation was encouraged as well, whether it be within the group or

(B) selfishness, encouraging voluntary cooperation as well, both within the group but

(C) selfishness and also encouraging voluntary cooperation, within the group and

(D) selfishness and they encouraged voluntary cooperation, whether it be within the group or

(E) selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but
   

想请问一下C选项
    PREP笔记里只说了

 also encouraging和stigmatized不平行

可是OG里那题

Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.

(A) extending

(B) extends

(C) extended

(D) it extended（A）

(E) is extending

也是Ved和Ving平行啊

我知道应该是要看逻辑意思吧

但是prep这题我认为用providing也没错啊

Ancient hunter-gatherers developed… and also encouraging voluntary cooperation

其实我一值搞不是很懂Ved和Ving的差别  

有没有人可以给我讲讲
    先谢了

另外,C选项的within the group是不是会有修饰上的歧义?

可以修饰前面的cooperation 也可以当状语修饰主语

麻烦大家指点一下  谢谢

过分分词和现在分词平行。

encouraging是现在分词，可stigmatized是动词的过去式，而不是过去分词（形式上一样，作用不同）。

谢谢你的回答

我再弱问一下 

不要笑我  笑完至少发发慈悲回答我一下 >”<

怎么区分过去式和过去分词啊

是从意思上区分吗